Panchenko
Nicolay, an engineer. THE ORNITHOPTER"S THEORY.
PART 1
The air-liner modern is subject of the working of the
following powers (fig.1), where R - is a total aerodynamic
force; Y - is a total lift; X - is a drag; T - is an
engine thrust. The force R has got a useful (Y) and bad (X)
projections.
THE TASK: To use the total aerodynamic
force as a flight machine"s thrust by means of a removal of the
above-mentioned contradiction in the aerodynamic of the airplane.
THE PROOF: In the figure 2 is represented an airframe
and the acting him powers. An airframe"s weight G is balanced by the
total aerodynamic force R.
We make a transformation: we
force the wings to move by a gliding trajectory and Leave fixed
the airframe"s fuselage (fig.3)
. The aerodynamic of wing remain
the same with the following difference at the motion of the wing:
the wing moves from the lower point to the initial upper point A
with zero incidence angle of attack and with zero aerodynamic forces
and with that the airframe were applied by the inertial force.
For making a horizontal thrust and giving a horizontal airspeed
to the airframe, it is necessary to incline the axis of a wing
motion trajectory forward or backwards, and this will make the
projection of the force R: T"forward and T"backward. In the
nature the wings of a dragon-fly describe the same trajectory
(fig.4)
(J.Pringle "The insects" flight").
We make the
following transformations: we turn the inclined wing motion
trajectory (fig.3) at the side surface of cylinder, whose axis
is parallel to the total aerodynamic force R. So, we obtain the
spiral wing motion down trajectory. We force the wing to
move up along the eight-resembling trajectory at zero incidence
angle. We make the thrust forward or backwards having inclined
the cylinder axis forward or backwards. The received trajectories
are illustrated in the fig.5(a,b,c).
They are quite analogous with
the insects" wing motion trajectories (J.Pringle "The insects"
flight") and are illustrated in the figure 6 (a,b,c).
You can
see a spot hovering aerodynamic of a humming-bird (fig.7) and an
aerodynamic of a swan"s flight (fig.8).
What is a physical
reason of this obtained trajectory of the flight machine (an
ornithopter"s) wing tip and acting him forces? By virtue of the
fact that the wing tip follows a spiral trajectory at the flapping
down, and the wing axial velocity is directed in the acting axis of
the total aerodynamic force R and is also directed against this
force in the any point of the wing trajectory, so it is the case of
the wing repelling from the total air resistance, that is to say
from the total aerodynamic force at the wing flap down. At the
wing flap up the motion of the flight machine goes on bay the
inertia. The trajectory of the bird"s wing tip in relation to
his case in the wing setting (this is so named the Marey"s oval) is
presented in the fig.9.
This trajectory forms at the expense of
the forward motion of the wing tip from the spiral trajectory for
reasons of the elasticity of the limit feathers at the flapping down
and the going away of the wing tip backwards from the spiral at the
expense of the wing"s tucking under at the flapping up. The
ornithopter makes possible to use the maximal aerodynamic force
coefficients, and consequently, to obtain the maximal aerodynamic
forces at the wing.
Part 2 ABOUT THE IDEAL MOTION.
The following theory essence is exploring to light motion at
general and the birds (insects) flight specifically on the plane of
the elasticity theory and the conclusions annex has been obtainen
about the ornithopter flight. Let us lift an elastic ball
(sphere) at an attitude H and let us go down to a rigid surface (the
floor). The ball will jump up and down repeatedly reflecting its
kinetic energy from the floor through the potential energy of the
ball elastic deformation. The ball motion is ideal because all its
energy went into its own motion (fig.1). Consequently, as an ideal
motion condition is an interacting pair existence - elastic
propeller plus resistance (a rest). This pair is able to evoke
this propeller elastic deformation with the possibility of the
elastic energy liberation and its transformation into the motion.
From this it follows that the elastic propeller interaction with
the rest must be cyclic (oscillatory)(pic.1). Thus, at first the
bird (ornithopter) wings must find the rest in the air at the
movement in the air. This rest is the total aerodynamic drag or
total aerodynamic force R ("Ornithopter theory"). The theory proof
is based on the sailplane rigid wing, therefore the ornithopter wing
tip working trajectory has been obtainen as a spiral
(propeller-driven) line at the flap down. The bird wing elastic
deformation leaded to the formation of the "Marey"s oval" at the
flap down. Marey"s oval is a line of the bird (ornithopter) wing
tip"s ejection forward by virtue of the wing elastic deformation ADC
as compared to the rigid wing trajectory - spiral propeller - driven
line ABC (pic.2). The front part of oval is essentially an
elastic force diagram over a period of the wing flap down: the
elastic forces augmentation between O and F elastic max. In the zone
AD is proportional to the wing tip"s ejection BD (the elastic forces
accumulation), and the elastic forces reduction in the zone DC to O
- the recoil of the elastic deformation energy to the bird
(ornithopter) flight. After this the wing gets back at the upper
starting point A (the birds do it along the line CEA by using of the
wing folding over). Further a new cycle of the flap down realizes
with the wing elastic deformation. In this way a bird
(ornithopter) internal energy reflection takes place from the
surrounding air through the wings elastic deformation and its
transformation into a motion (a flight). An interaction of the
aerodynamic inertial and the elastic forces takes place. The wing
elastic forces "throw up" an ornithopter fuselage [corps] at
direction of the total aerodynamic force R just as an elastic
bowstring pushing back an arrow (pic.3).
So, this "arrow motion"
takes place at each wings flap down. At the wings flap up the bird
(ornithopter) flight is realized by inertia. The bird wing is a
more powerful elastic-deformation system making possible a bird
energy reflection to a considerable extent from the surrounding air
and its transformation into a motion. By this is derived a migratory
birds phenomenal efficiency, permitting for them to fly non-stop the
thousands of kilometers across the lands, seas and oceans. Such
are the requirements for the ornithopter elastic wing, therefore the
ornithopter will be economical. The ornithopter wings maximal
elasticity equals to the flight resistance maximal force. In that
case alone the ideal motion - ornithopter flight - will take place.
An elastic (ideal) propeller using the rest with the energy
reflection (the bird and the ornithopter wing) is an alternative for
the rigid propeller who is using the air jet with an irrevocable
(lost) kinesthetic energy (p.ex., airplane wing, helicopter or
propeller blade, jet engine). The ornithopter advantages over
the airplane are the next: 1. The total aerodynamic force
utilization realizes just as a lift so a level [horizontal] thrust.
As this takes place, the wings level resistance is lacking to the
ornithopter flight level resistance. 2. The utilization
possibility of the wings maximal aerodynamic coefficients will allow
to obtain the maximal lift or the ornithopter maximum speed in view
of its engine nominal power. 3. The use of an alternation of the
aerodynamic inertial and the elastic forces will give an utilization
possibility of the ornithopter wings elastic forces and to reflect
the considerable part of the ornithopter energy from the surrounding
air. This parameters utilization will increase abruptly the
ornithopter efficiency as compared to the airplane.
Read
more in detail about this subject in the review "Engineer", Moscow,
2000 N12, 2001 N10.
My ornithopter 1. (1978 year).
My ornithopter 2. (1980 year).
I propose the joint work on the
ornithopter. e-mail: panchenkonik@ukr.net
